ENGLISH CORNER 2

ABYA YALA POST  NATIVE AMERINDIAN



The history of North America has no unity until the middle of the 18th century. The various attempts at colonization in Canada, New England and the West Indies are, strictly speaking, part of the history of the regions where they were attempted. Each people brings its own genius and protects itself as much as possible from contact with its neighbors. After the Seven Years' War and the loss of Canada (1763), England was for a moment master of the entire Atlantic coast; but the American War of Independence broke the unity again.

From the end of the 16th century, we find Spanish, English and French settlements in North America. The Spaniards occupied the periphery and the islands of the Gulf of Mexico, the English a few points on the Atlantic coast, the French the estuary of the St. Lawrence.

The first European navigators who approached the coasts of the North American continent were the Italians Jean Cabot and Sébastien Cabot (1497). Traveling in the service of Henry VII of England, they discovered Newfoundland and explored the coasts of Labrador and New England. Documents taken from the Archives of the Azores and dated 1506 indicate that a certain Pierre or Pedro de Barcellos, from Terceira (Azores), had received the order to go on a trip to the northern regions with João Fernandes, known as llavrador. The Spaniard Juan Ponce de León discovered Florida in 1513. The Italian Jean de Verrazano (1524), traveling on behalf of Francis I, explored the Atlantic coasts from South Carolina to Maine; then the Frenchman Jacques Cartier (1534) discovered the estuary of the Saint-Lawrence. All these navigators were looking for a northern sea route to India and China.

The colonization of North America by Europeans began at the end of the 16th century. ). Jacques Cartier went up the St. Lawrence in 1534, and took possession of the whole country in the name of François l. France would occupy Acadia, Canada and Louisiana for more than two centuries, while the British controlled New England and the northern part of the island of Newfoundland. Canada was then known as New France. La Roque de Roberval, appointed viceroy in 1542, founded Fort Charlebourg not far from the place where Quebec has since been built. In 1608, Samuel Champlain laid the foundations of Quebec, capital of French America.

In 1584 the English settled in Virginia. Gosnold in 1602, Hudson in 1607, John Smith in 1614, made important discoveries in the north. The founding of Jamestown, Virginia in 1607 inaugurated British colonization in North America. It was settler colonization, carried out by emigrants persecuted in their country for their religious or political beliefs, notably the "English Separatists", a dissenting sect of the Anglican Church. In 1619, the first blacks arrived on American soil; disembarked from a Dutch ship, they came to work on the Virginia plantations alongside white servants from Europe. In 1620, the Pilgrims Fathers ("Pilgrim Fathers"), religious dissidents who followed Puritanism, arrived aboard the Mayflower in Plymouth Bay and founded the colony of Plymouth (future colony of Massachusetts Bay). Because the English formed the majority ethnic group among the first settlers who came to settle in the territory, English was the language that naturally prevailed. Compared to New France, New England occupied a much smaller space on the Atlantic seaboard.

Finally the European occupation of America will bring extermination for some, acculturation for others of the Native American tribes in parallel with the importation of thousands of African slaves exploited by white settlers.
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https://ia601401.us.archive.org/8/items/post-ame-rindian-eng/POST%20AM%C3%89RINDIAN%20eng.pdf

BLACK IMPOESIS



It is surprising to note, from a rationalist point of view, that the historical process of Humanity, from the night of Ancient Times to our century, is actualized in a constant quest for power through the mastery of nature. and its strengths, like a ridge line coming from the past which intrinsically carries the seeds of the future. The entire twentieth century is crossed by barbarism, fascism, Nazism and genocidal exterminations and the threats of atomic destruction. And the hatred between humans is tenacious. The 21st century is off to a bad start. The artist is confronted with the failure of art as a scene of revolutionary liberation at the service of humanity. Have we been living under the reign of impoesis since then? Imposia is the loss of the thread of our history. The defeat of the "ideas that lead the world" confronts the individual with an ideological dead end well expressed by Alexis de Tocqueville who feared that men living in a democracy would end up abandoning themselves to a cautious individualism, eager for consumption and protection. – to the point that they would come to give up engaging in actions that would expose them to taking risks. They would gradually be led to renounce the exercise of their freedom and would soon be quite disposed to rely on an all-powerful State, provided that it takes care to protect them, to preserve equality between them and to remove the disorders that freedom gives birth.

If we associate the humanism resulting from the European Renaissance with the movement by which men wanted to freely assume their destiny, against the obscurantism which could dominate in the Middle Ages, we can venture to suggest that the fatigue of being freedom, inscribed by Tocqueville in the future of modern societies, predisposes today to welcoming something like increasingly enslaving but desired ideologies such as "voluntary servitude".
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https://ia801801.us.archive.org/17/items/black-impoesy_202101/BLACK%20IMPOESY.pdf